Solutions et relèvement

• OIM, Cadre opérationnel pour les crises migratoires (MCOF), 2012. Ce document présente 15 secteurs pertinents qui peuvent être engagés à tout moment avant, pendant et/ou après une crise. Ces secteurs sont les suivants : Gestion des camps, données et suivi des déplacements, abris et articles non alimentaires (y compris WASH), aide au transport, soutien sanitaire, soutien psychosocial, aide à la (ré)intégration, stabilisation et transition des communautés, réduction des risques de catastrophe et résilience, terres et biens, lutte contre la traite et protection, gestion humanitaire des frontières, assistance consulaire d'urgence, diaspora et mobilisation des ressources, soutien à la politique et à la législation en matière de migration.

In 2017, the Government of Afghanistan put in place the National Disaster Management Information System (NDMIS) to improve disaster information management, allowing real-time disaster data sharing, faster report development and decision-making. It is accessible all over Afghanistan via the internet.

• IOM, Data Protection Manual, 2010.
  
  This publication outlines IOM principles in ensuring data protection and provides guidelines as informed by relevant international standards.

Note: This list is not exhaustive.

Regional instruments

Note: This list is not exhaustive.

• The African Union Model Law on internal displacement, 2018.
  
  This model was adopted by the African Union Summit in January 2018. Its 14 chapters and 64 articles comprehensively cover the displacement cycle, including, among other things, protection and assistance during displacement, the composition of national coordination and implementation mechanisms, and mechanisms for national disaster early warning, preparedness and management.

• Target 1.5
  
  Build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
• Target 3.d
  
  Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks
• Target 5.1
  
  End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
• Target 5.2
  
  Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
• Target 5.a
  
  Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws
• Target 6.b
  
  Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
• Target 10.2
  
  Empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
• Target 11.5
  
  Significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
• Target 11.b
  
  Substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 holistic disaster risk management at all levels
• Target 13.1
  
  Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
• Target 13.2
  
  Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
• Target 13.3
  
  Improve education, awareness raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
• Target 13.b
  
  Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
• Target 15.3
  
  Combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
• Target 15.5
  
  Reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
• Target 16.1
  
  Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
• Target 16.3
  
  Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
• Target 16.a
  
  Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
• Target 16.b
  
  Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development
• Target 17.17
  
  Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
• Target 17.18
  
  Enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

Note: This list is not exhaustive.

• Objective 2(a)
  
  Promote the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, and the commitment to reach the furthest behind first, as well as the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
• Objective 2(c)
  
  Establish or strengthen mechanisms to monitor and anticipate the development of risks and threats that might trigger or affect migration movements, strengthen early warning systems, develop emergency procedures and toolkits, launch emergency operations, and support post-emergency recovery, in close cooperation with and support of other States, relevant national and local authorities, National Human Rights Institutions, and civil society.
• Objective 2(f)
  
  Strengthen collaboration between humanitarian and development actors, including by promoting joint analysis, multi-donor approaches and multi-year funding cycles, in order to develop long-term responses and outcomes that ensure respect for the rights of affected individuals, resilience and coping capacities of populations, as well as economic and social self-reliance, and by ensuring these efforts take migration into account.
• Objective 2(g)
  
  Account for migrants in national emergency preparedness and response, including by taking into consideration relevant recommendations from State-led consultative processes, such as the Guidelines to Protect Migrants in Countries Experiencing Conflict or Natural Disaster (MICIC Initiative, 2016).
• Objective 2(h)
  
  Strengthen joint analysis and sharing of information to better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, such as those that may result from sudden-onset and slow onset natural disasters, the adverse effects of climate change, environmental degradation, as well as other precarious situations, while ensuring the effective respect, protection and fulfilment of the human rights of all migrants.

• Objective 2(i)
  
  Develop adaptation and resilience strategies to sudden-onset and slow-onset natural disasters, the adverse effects of climate change, and environmental degradation, such as desertification, land degradation, drought and sea level rise, taking into account the potential implications on migration, while recognizing that adaptation in the country of origin is a priority.

• Objective 2(j)
  
  Integrate displacement considerations into disaster preparedness strategies and promote cooperation with neighbouring and other relevant countries to prepare for early warning, contingency planning, stockpiling, coordination mechanisms, evacuation planning, reception and assistance arrangements, and public information.

• Objective 2(k)
  
  Harmonize and develop approaches and mechanisms at sub-regional and regional levels to address the vulnerabilities of persons affected by sudden-onset and slow-onset natural disasters, by ensuring they have access to humanitarian assistance that meets their essential needs with full respect for their rights wherever they are, and by promoting sustainable outcomes that increase resilience and self-reliance, taking into account the capacities of all countries involved.

  Objective 2(l)
  
  Develop coherent approaches to address the challenges of migration movements in the context of sudden-onset and slow-onset natural disasters, including by taking into consideration relevant recommendations from State-led consultative processes, such as the Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change, and the Platform on Disaster Displacement.

  Objective 5(g)
  
  Develop or build on existing national and regional practices for admission and stay of appropriate duration based on compassionate, humanitarian or other considerations for migrants compelled to leave their countries of origin, due to sudden-onset natural disasters and other precarious situations, such as by providing humanitarian visas, private sponsorships, access to education for children, and temporary work permits, while adaptation in or return to their country of origin is not possible.

  Objective 5(h)
  
  Cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions for migrants compelled to leave their countries of origin due to slow-onset natural disasters, the adverse effects of climate change, and environmental degradation, such as desertification, land degradation, drought and sea level rise, including by devising planned relocation and visa options, in cases where adaptation in or return to their country of origin is not possible.

  Objective 7(a)
  
  Review relevant policies and practices to ensure they do not create, exacerbate or unintentionally increase vulnerabilities of migrants, including by applying a human rights-based, gender- and disability-responsive, as well as an age- and child-sensitive approach.

  Objective 7(b)
  
  Establish comprehensive policies and develop partnerships that provide migrants in a situation of vulnerability, regardless of their migration status, with necessary support at all stages of migration, through identification and assistance, as well as protection of their human rights, in particular in cases related to women at risk, children, especially those unaccompanied or separated from their families, members of ethnic and religious minorities, victims of violence, including sexual and gender-based violence, older persons, persons with disabilities, persons who are discriminated against on any basis, indigenous peoples, workers facing exploitation and abuse, domestic workers, victims of trafficking in persons, and migrants subject to exploitation and abuse in the context of smuggling of migrants.

  Objective 7(j)
  
  Apply specific support measures to ensure that migrants caught up in situations of crisis in countries of transit and destination have access to consular protection and humanitarian assistance , including by facilitating cross-border and broader international cooperation, as well as by taking migrant populations into account in crisis preparedness, emergency response and post-crisis action.

  Objective 7(k)
  
  Involve local authorities and relevant stakeholders in the identification, referral and assistance of migrants in a situation of vulnerability, including through agreements with national protection bodies, legal aid and service providers, as well as the engagement of mobile response teams, where they exist.

  Objective 7(l)
  
  Develop national policies and programmes to improve national responses that address the needs of migrants in situations of vulnerability, including by taking into consideration relevant recommendations of the Global Migration Group Principles and Guidelines, Supported by Practical Guidance, on the Human Rights Protection of Migrants in Vulnerable Situations.

  Objective 12(b)
  
  Develop and conduct intra- and cross-regional specialized human rights and trauma informed trainings for first responders and government officials, including law enforcement authorities, border officials, consular representatives and judicial bodies, to facilitate and standardize identification and referral of, as well as appropriate assistance and counselling in a culturally-sensitive way, to victims of trafficking in persons, migrants in situations of vulnerability, including children, in particular those unaccompanied or separated, and persons affected by any form of exploitation and abuse related to smuggling of migrants under aggravating circumstances.

  Objective 12(e)
  
  Ensure that, in the context of mixed movements, relevant information on rights and obligations under national laws and procedures, including on entry and stay requirements, available forms of protection, as well as options for return and reintegration, is appropriately, timely and effectively communicated, and accessible.

  Objective 14(b)
  
  Involve relevant consular and immigration personnel in existing global and regional fora on migration in order to exchange information and best practices about issues of mutual concern that pertain to citizens abroad and contribute to comprehensive and evidence-based migration policy development.

  Objective 14(d)
  
  Strengthen consular capacities in order to identify, protect and assist our nationals abroad who are in a situation of vulnerability, including victims of human and labour rights violations or abuse, victims of crime, victims of trafficking in persons, migrants subject to smuggling under aggravating circumstances, and migrant workers exploited in the process of recruitment, by providing training to consular officers on human rights-based, gender-responsive and child-sensitive actions in this regard.

  Objective 14(e)
  
  Provide our nationals abroad the opportunity to register with the country of origin, in close cooperation with consular, national and local authorities, as well as relevant migrant organizations, as a means to facilitate information, services and assistance to migrants in emergency situations and ensure migrants’ accessibility to relevant and timely information, such as by establishing helplines and consolidating national digital databases, while upholding the right to privacy and protecting personal data.

  Objective 15(b)
  
  Ensure that cooperation between service providers and immigration authorities does not exacerbate vulnerabilities of irregular migrants by compromising their safe access to basic services or unlawfully infringing upon the human rights to privacy, liberty and security of person at places of basic service delivery.

  Objective 15(c)
  
  Establish and strengthen holistic and easily accessible service points at local level, that are migrant inclusive, offer relevant information on basic services in a gender- and disability-responsive as well as child-sensitive manner, and facilitate safe access thereto.

  Objective 15(e)
  
  Incorporate the health needs of migrants in national and local health care policies and plans, such as by strengthening capacities for service provision, facilitating affordable and non-discriminatory access, reducing communication barriers, and training health care providers on culturally-sensitive service delivery, in order to promote physical and mental health of migrants and communities overall, including by taking into consideration relevant recommendations from the WHO Framework of Priorities and Guiding Principles to Promote the Health of Refugees and Migrants.

Note: This list is not exhaustive.

In terms of funding, as per commitments of signatories of the Grand Bargain, work with humanitarian aid agencies and development agencies, to:

• Achieve greater transparency
• Provide more support and funding tools for local and national responders
• Increase the use and coordination of cash-based programming
• Reduce duplication and management costs with periodic functional reviews
• Improve joint and impartial needs assessments
• Include people receiving aid in making the decisions which affect their lives
• Increase collaborative humanitarian multi-year planning and funding
• Reduce the earmarking of donor contributions
• Harmonize and simplify reporting requirements
• Promote enhanced engagement between humanitarian and development actors

• UNDRR, Sendai Framework Monitor: Measuring Implementation of the Sendai Framework.
  
  This webpage presents various monitoring strategies as well as custom targets and indicators to evaluate how well the Sendai Framework is being implemented.
• UNDRR, Terminology.
  
  This website offers basic definitions related to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) to promote a common understanding on the subject for use by the public, authorities and practitioners.

• Migrants in Countries in Crisis Initiative (MICIC), Guidelines to Protect Migrants in Countries Experiencing Conflict or Natural Disaster, 2016.
• Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), Framework: Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, 2010.
  
  This document aims to clarify the concept of a durable solution and provides general guidance on how to achieve it. It establishes the minimum criteria that help determine to what extent a durable solution has been achieved, the principles that should guide the search for durable solutions and how a rights-based process to support a durable solution should be organized.
• The United Nations Secretary-General, Durable Solutions, 2011.
  
  This Decision (No. 2011/20) outlines the structures and processes for developing and implementing durable solutions.

Regional initiatives and commitments

States also come together at the regional level, particularly with respect to DRR and disaster management, through the following regional initiatives and commitments:

Note: This list is not exhaustive.

Note: This list is not exhaustive.

The Caribbean Migration Consultations (CMC) is a non-binding forum that allows its Member States to discuss coordinated regional efforts for the effective management of migration and to develop policies with a rights-based approach aimed at effective and comprehensive migration governance in the region. Emergency preparedness and response and refugee protection are among CMC thematic areas of focus. CMC has held regular expert-level consultations among its Member States on these topics. These include:

• High-level workshop on human mobility and disasters in the Caribbean (10–11 April 2018);
• Webinar: Regional report on migration governance in the island States of the Commonwealth Caribbean (8 November 2018);
• Webinar on labour migration as an adaptation strategy to environmental change in the Caribbean (6 March 2019);
• Regional consultation towards a framework for regional cooperation on human mobility in the context of disasters and the adverse effects of climate change in the Caribbean (6–7 June 2019).

The latter event involved regional and national stakeholders, including migration officers, disaster risk reduction and environment experts and consular affairs staff. It aimed to identify policy, normative and operational challenges and gaps related to disasters and displacement in the Caribbean, and to develop concrete, practical policy and programmatic guidance to enhance the region’s overall preparedness and response capacity to these challenges under the work of CMC.

• Cantor, Cross-border Displacement, Climate Change and Disasters: Latin America and the Caribbean, 2018.
• Caribbean Migration Consultations (CMC), What will it take for the Caribbean region to become more resilient after the recent disasters, n.d.